Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major chance factor for cervical cancer.
At that place are usually no signs or symptoms of early cervical cancer but it can be detected early on with regular check-ups.
Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain.
Tests that examine the cervix are used to diagnose cervical cancer.
Sure factors affect prognosis (take chances of recovery) and treatment options.
Cervical cancer is a affliction in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix.
The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the vagina (nativity culvert).
EnlargeAnatomy of the female reproductive organisation. The organs in the female reproductive system include the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, neck, and vagina. The uterus has a muscular outer layer called the myometrium and an inner lining called the endometrium.
Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Earlier cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which aberrant cells brainstorm to appear in the cervical tissue. Over fourth dimension, the abnormal cells may become cancer cells and start to grow and spread more than deeply into the cervix and to surrounding areas.
Cervical cancer in children is rare.
Come across the following PDQ summaries for more information near cervical cancer:
Man papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major gamble gene for cervical cancer.
Anything that increases your take chances of getting a illness is chosen a risk gene. Having a risk factor does not mean that yous will get cancer; not having chance factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk to your medico if you think you may be at risk for cervical cancer.
Chance factors for cervical cancer include the following:
Being infected with human papillomavirus (HPV). This is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer.
Beingness exposed to the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) while in the female parent's womb.
In women who are infected with HPV, the post-obit risk factors add to the increased risk of cervical cancer:
Giving birth to many children.
Smoking cigarettes.
Using oral contraceptives ("the Pill") for a long time.
At that place are also risk factors that increase the run a risk of HPV infection:
Having a weakened allowed organization caused by immunosuppression. Immunosuppression weakens the trunk's ability to fight infections and other diseases. The body's ability to fight HPV infection may be lowered by long-term immunosuppression from:
being infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
taking medicine to help prevent organ rejection afterwards a transplant.
Being sexually active at a young age.
Having many sexual partners.
Older age is a principal risk factor for nearly cancers. The chance of getting cancer increases as you become older.
There are usually no signs or symptoms of early cervical cancer but it can be detected early with regular check-ups.
Early cervical cancer may not cause signs or symptoms. Women should have regular bank check-ups, including tests to cheque for human papillomavirus (HPV) or abnormal cells in the neck. The prognosis (chance of recovery) is better when the cancer is found early on.
Signs and symptoms of cervical cancer include vaginal haemorrhage and pelvic pain.
These and other signs and symptoms may be caused by cervical cancer or by other weather condition. Cheque with your doctor if you lot have whatever of the following:
Vaginal bleeding (including bleeding after sexual intercourse).
Unusual vaginal discharge.
Pelvic pain.
Pain during sexual intercourse.
Tests that examine the cervix are used to diagnose cervical cancer.
The following procedures may be used:
Physical test and wellness history: An test of the body to cheque general signs of wellness, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
Pelvic exam: An exam of the vagina, neck, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. A speculum is inserted into the vagina and the medico or nurse looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of illness. A Pap examination of the cervix is ordinarily done. The doc or nurse likewise inserts ane or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and places the other hand over the lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The medico or nurse as well inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to experience for lumps or aberrant areas.EnlargePelvic exam. A medico or nurse inserts one or ii lubricated, gloved fingers of one paw into the vagina and presses on the lower belly with the other hand. This is done to experience the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and rectum are besides checked.
Pap test: A process that uses a small brush to collect cells from the surface of the neck and the area around it. The cells are viewed under a microscope to notice out if they are aberrant. This procedure is also called a Pap smear.EnlargePap examination. A speculum is inserted into the vagina to widen information technology. Then, a brush is inserted into the vagina to collect cells from the cervix. The cells are checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) exam: A laboratory test used to check DNA or RNA for certain types of HPV infection. Cells are collected from the cervix and DNA or RNA from the cells is checked to find out if an infection is caused past a type of HPV that is linked to cervical cancer. This test may be done using the sample of cells removed during a Pap exam. This test may as well be done if the results of a Pap examination show certain aberrant cervical cells.
Endocervical curettage: A process to collect cells or tissue from the cervical canal using a curette (spoon-shaped musical instrument). Tissue samples are taken and checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. This process is sometimes washed at the same time every bit a colposcopy.
Colposcopy: A process in which a colposcope (a lighted, magnifying instrument) is used to check the vagina and neck for abnormal areas. Tissue samples may be taken using a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) or a castor and checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
Biopsy: If aberrant cells are found in a Pap test, the physician may do a biopsy. A sample of tissue is cut from the cervix and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to bank check for signs of cancer. A biopsy that removes only a small corporeality of tissue is ordinarily done in the dr.'south part. A adult female may demand to go to a hospital for a cervical cone biopsy (removal of a larger, cone-shaped sample of cervical tissue).
Sure factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and handling options.
The prognosis depends on the post-obit:
The stage of the cancer (the size of the tumor and whether it affects part of the cervix or the whole cervix, or has spread to the lymph nodes or other places in the torso).
The blazon of cervical cancer.
The patient's historic period and general health.
Whether the patient has a certain type of human papillomavirus (HPV).
Whether the patient has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come dorsum).
Handling options depend on the following:
The stage of the cancer.
The blazon of cervical cancer.
The patient'due south desire to have children.
The patient's age.
Treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy depends on the stage of the cancer and the phase of the pregnancy. For cervical cancer plant early on or for cancer constitute during the concluding trimester of pregnancy, handling may exist delayed until later on the infant is born. For more than data, see the section on Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy.
Stages of Cervical Cancer
Key Points
After cervical cancer has been diagnosed, tests are washed to find out if cancer cells have spread within the neck or to other parts of the body.
In that location are three ways that cancer spreads in the trunk.
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the torso.
Abnormal cells may form in the lining of the cervix (carcinoma in situ).
The following stages are used for cervical cancer:
Phase I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage Four
After cervical cancer has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out if cancer cells take spread within the neck or to other parts of the trunk.
The process used to find out if cancer has spread inside the cervix or to other parts of the body is chosen staging. The data gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the disease. It is of import to know the stage in order to plan handling.
The following tests and procedures may exist used in the staging process:
CT scan (Cat scan): A process that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the torso, taken from different angles. The pictures are made past a computer linked to an x-ray machine. A dye may exist injected into a vein or swallowed to aid the organs or tissues show upward more clearly. This procedure is likewise called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
PET scan (positron emission tomography browse): A procedure to find cancerous tumor cells in the body. A small amount of radioactive glucose (saccharide) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates effectually the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the trunk. Malignant tumor cells show up brighter in the moving picture because they are more agile and accept upwards more than glucose than normal cells exercise.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a calculator to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. This procedure is as well called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
Ultrasound exam: A procedure in which high-free energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes class a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. This picture can be printed to be looked at later on.
Chest x-ray: An 10-ray of the organs and bones inside the chest. An x-ray is a blazon of free energy axle that can go through the body and onto film, making a picture show of areas inside the body.
Lymph node biopsy: The removal of all or role of a lymph node. A pathologist views the lymph node tissue under a microscope to check for cancer cells.
Cystoscopy: A procedure to look within the float and urethra to check for aberrant areas. A cystoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-similar instrument with a calorie-free and a lens for viewing. It may besides have a tool to remove tissue samples, which are checked under a microscope for signs of cancer.
Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure to wait at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of affliction. Small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted into one of the incisions. Other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples to be checked under a microscope for signs of affliction.
Pretreatment surgical staging: Surgery (an operation) is done to detect out if the cancer has spread within the cervix or to other parts of the body. In some cases, the cervical cancer tin be removed at the same time. Pretreatment surgical staging is unremarkably done only as part of a clinical trial.
The results of these tests are viewed together with the results of the original tumor biopsy to determine the cervical cancer stage.
In that location are three ways that cancer spreads in the torso.
Cancer tin spread through tissue, the lymph organisation, and the blood:
Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began past growing into nearby areas.
Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began past getting into the lymph organization. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body.
Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the claret vessels to other parts of the body.
Cancer may spread from where it began to other parts of the trunk.
When cancer spreads to another office of the trunk, information technology is called metastasis. Cancer cells break away from where they began (the main tumor) and travel through the lymph system or blood.
Lymph system. The cancer gets into the lymph system, travels through the lymph vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in another part of the torso.
Blood. The cancer gets into the blood, travels through the blood vessels, and forms a tumor (metastatic tumor) in some other function of the torso.
The metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For instance, if cervical cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually cervical cancer cells. The disease is metastatic cervical cancer, not lung cancer.
Many cancer deaths are caused when cancer moves from the original tumor and spreads to other tissues and organs. This is called metastatic cancer. This animation shows how cancer cells travel from the place in the torso where they first formed to other parts of the body.
Abnormal cells may form in the lining of the neck (carcinoma in situ).
In carcinoma in situ, abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the cervix. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue.
The post-obit stages are used for cervical cancer:
Stage I
In phase I, cancer has formed and is found in the cervix only.
Stage I is divided into stages IA and IB, based on the size of the tumor and the deepest point of tumor invasion.
Phase IA: Stage IA is divided into stages IA1 and IA2, based on the deepest point of tumor invasion.EnlargeStage IA1 and IA2 cervical cancer. A very small-scale amount of cancer that can only be seen under a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. In phase IA1, the cancer is non more than three millimeters deep. In stage IA2, the cancer is more than 3 but not more than than 5 millimeters deep.
In stage IA1, a very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. The deepest bespeak of tumor invasion is 3 millimeters or less.
In stage IA2, a very small-scale amount of cancer that can simply be seen with a microscope is found in the tissues of the cervix. The deepest signal of tumor invasion is more than iii millimeters but not more than than v millimeters.
EnlargeMillimeters (mm). A precipitous pencil point is about 1 mm, a new crayon point is almost 2 mm, and a new pencil eraser is about 5 mm.
Stage IB: Stage IB is divided into stages IB1, IB2, and IB3, based on the size of the tumor and the deepest point of tumor invasion. EnlargeTumor sizes are often measured in centimeters (cm) or inches. Common food items that can be used to show tumor size in cm include: a pea (1 cm), a peanut (ii cm), a grape (3 cm), a walnut (4 cm), a lime (5 cm or 2 inches), an egg (6 cm), a peach (seven cm), and a grapefruit (10 cm or 4 inches).
Stage Ii
In stage 2, cancer has spread to the upper two-thirds of the vagina or to the tissue around the uterus.
Stage Ii is divided into stages IIA and IIB, based on how far the cancer has spread.
EnlargeStage Ii cervical cancer. In stages IIA1 and IIA2, cancer has spread from the cervix to the upper two-thirds of the vagina but has non spread to the tissue around the uterus. In stage IIA1, the cancer is 4 centimeters or smaller. In stage IIA2, the cancer is larger than 4 centimeters. In stage IIB, cancer has spread from the neck to the tissue effectually the uterus.
Stage IIA: Cancer has spread from the cervix to the upper ii-thirds of the vagina but has non spread to the tissue around the uterus. Stage IIA is divided into stages IIA1 and IIA2, based on the size of the tumor.
In stage IIA1, the tumor is 4 centimeters or smaller.
In stage IIA2, the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters.
Stage IIB: Cancer has spread from the neck to the tissue around the uterus.
Stage III
In stage III, cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina and/or to the pelvic wall, and/or has caused kidney bug, and/or involves lymph nodes.
Stage III is divided into stages IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC, based on how far the cancer has spread.
Stage 4
In stage Iv, cancer has spread beyond the pelvis, or has spread to the lining of the bladder or rectum, or has spread to other parts of the body.
Stage IV is divided into stages IVA and IVB, based on where the cancer has spread.
Stage IVA: Cancer has spread to nearby pelvic organs, such as the float or rectum.OverstateStage IVA cervical cancer. Cancer has spread to nearby pelvic organs, such every bit the float or rectum.
Stage IVB: Cancer has spread to other parts of the trunk, such as the liver, lungs, basic, or distant lymph nodes.EnlargePhase IVB cervical cancer. Cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lung, liver, or os.
Recurrent Cervical Cancer
Treatment Option Overview
Cardinal Points
There are different types of handling for patients with cervical cancer.
V types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immunotherapy
New types of treatment are beingness tested in clinical trials.
Treatment for cervical cancer may crusade side effects.
Patients may want to think about taking role in a clinical trial.
Patients tin enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
There are unlike types of handling for patients with cervical cancer.
Different types of treatment are bachelor for patients with cervical cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help meliorate current treatments or obtain data on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is ameliorate than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard handling. Patients may want to call back nearly taking role in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open merely to patients who have not started treatment.
Five types of standard treatment are used:
Surgery
Surgery (removing the cancer in an operation) is sometimes used to care for cervical cancer. The following surgical procedures may be used:
Conization: A procedure to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. A pathologist views the tissue under a microscope to look for cancer cells. Conization may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. This procedure is also called a cone biopsy.
Conization may be washed using one of the following procedures:
Common cold-knife conization: A surgical procedure that uses a scalpel (sharp knife) to remove abnormal tissue or cancer.
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A surgical process that uses electrical current passed through a thin wire loop as a pocketknife to remove abnormal tissue or cancer.
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation surgery: A surgical procedure that uses a laser beam (a narrow beam of intense lite) as a pocketknife to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such every bit a tumor.
The type of conization procedure used depends on where the cancer cells are in the cervix and the type of cervical cancer.
Full hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus, including the neck. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through the vagina, the functioning is called a vaginal hysterectomy. If the uterus and neck are taken out through a large incision (cut) in the abdomen, the operation is called a total abdominal hysterectomy. If the uterus and cervix are taken out through a pocket-sized incision in the abdomen using a laparoscope, the operation is chosen a total laparoscopic hysterectomy.OverstateHysterectomy. The uterus is surgically removed with or without other organs or tissues. In a full hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed. In a total hysterectomy with salpingo-oophorectomy, (a) the uterus plus one (unilateral) ovary and fallopian tube are removed; or (b) the uterus plus both (bilateral) ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed. In a radical hysterectomy, the uterus, cervix, both ovaries, both fallopian tubes, and nearby tissue are removed. These procedures are done using a depression transverse incision or a vertical incision.
Radical hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus, neck, part of the vagina, and a wide surface area of ligaments and tissues effectually these organs. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, or nearby lymph nodes may also exist removed.
Modified radical hysterectomy: Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, upper part of the vagina, and ligaments and tissues that closely surround these organs. Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. In this blazon of surgery, not as many tissues and/or organs are removed as in a radical hysterectomy.
Radical trachelectomy: Surgery to remove the neck, nearby tissue and lymph nodes, and the upper office of the vagina. The uterus and ovaries are not removed.
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
Pelvic exenteration: Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum, and bladder. The cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed. Artificial openings (stoma) are made for urine and stool to flow from the body to a collection bag. Plastic surgery may be needed to make an artificial vagina after this functioning.
Radiations therapy
Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or continue them from growing. In that location are ii types of radiation therapy:
External radiation therapy uses a automobile exterior the torso to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Certain ways of giving radiation therapy can aid keep radiation from damaging nearby healthy tissue. This type of radiation therapy includes the post-obit:
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): IMRT is a blazon of three-dimensional (three-D) radiation therapy that uses a computer to make pictures of the size and shape of the tumor. Sparse beams of radiation of different intensities (strengths) are aimed at the tumor from many angles.
Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed straight into or well-nigh the cancer.
The mode the radiations therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer existence treated. External and internal radiations therapy are used to treat cervical cancer, and may also be used equally palliative therapy to relieve symptoms and ameliorate quality of life.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to end the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or past stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed straight into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body crenel such equally the abdomen, the drugs mainly impact cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The fashion the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and phase of the cancer being treated.
See Drugs Approved for Cervical Cancer for more information.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and assault specific cancer cells. Targeted therapies ordinarily cause less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy practise.
Monoclonal antibodies: Monoclonal antibodies are immune system proteins made in the laboratory to treat many diseases, including cancer. Every bit a cancer treatment, these antibodies can attach to a specific target on cancer cells or other cells that may help cancer cells abound. The antibodies are able to and so kill the cancer cells, block their growth, or keep them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion. They may be used alone or to carry drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to cancer cells.
Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called vascular endothelial growth gene (VEGF) and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to abound. Bevacizumab is used to care for cervical cancer that has metastasized (spread to other parts of the body) and recurrent cervical cancer.
How do monoclonal antibodies work to treat cancer? This video shows how monoclonal antibodies, such equally trastuzumab, pembrolizumab, and rituximab, block molecules cancer cells need to grow, flag cancer cells for destruction past the body's immune arrangement, or deliver harmful substances to cancer cells.
Run into Drugs Approved for Cervical Cancer for more information.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient's allowed system to fight cancer. Substances made by the torso or fabricated in a laboratory are used to heave, direct, or restore the body's natural defenses against cancer. This cancer treatment is a type of biologic therapy.
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a type of immunotherapy.
PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor therapy: PD-ane is a protein on the surface of T cells that helps keep the body'southward immune responses in check. PD-L1 is a protein found on some types of cancer cells. When PD-ane attaches to PD-L1, it stops the T cell from killing the cancer jail cell. PD-ane and PD-L1 inhibitors keep PD-1 and PD-L1 proteins from attaching to each other. This allows the T cells to kill cancer cells. Pembrolizumab is a type of PD-1 inhibitor.
EnlargeImmune checkpoint inhibitor. Checkpoint proteins, such as PD-L1 on tumor cells and PD-1 on T cells, assist keep immune responses in cheque. The binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 keeps T cells from killing tumor cells in the trunk (left panel). Blocking the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (anti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-1) allows the T cells to impale tumor cells (right panel).
Immunotherapy uses the body's immune organisation to fight cancer. This animation explains 1 blazon of immunotherapy that uses immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer.
See Drugs Approved for Cervical Cancer for more information.
New types of treatment are beingness tested in clinical trials.
Data nearly clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
Treatment for cervical cancer may cause side effects.
For information nigh side effects acquired past treatment for cancer, encounter our Side Effects page.
Patients may want to remember about taking part in a clinical trial.
For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best handling choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are condom and effective or better than the standard treatment.
Many of today'southward standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the start to receive a new handling.
Patients who have office in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the time to come. Even when clinical trials do non pb to effective new treatments, they often respond important questions and assistance move enquiry forward.
Patients can enter clinical trials earlier, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
Some clinical trials but include patients who accept not all the same received treatment. Other trials examination treatments for patients whose cancer has non gotten meliorate. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to end cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side furnishings of cancer treatment.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials supported past NCI tin can be found on NCI's clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations can be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.
Follow-up tests may be needed.
Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to detect out the stage of the cancer may exist repeated. Some tests will be repeated in gild to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions almost whether to continue, change, or stop handling may exist based on the results of these tests.
Some of the tests will continue to be done from fourth dimension to fourth dimension after treatment has concluded. The results of these tests can evidence if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes chosen follow-up tests or bank check-ups.
Your doctor will ask if yous have whatsoever of the following signs or symptoms, which may mean the cancer has come back:
Pain in the abdomen, back, or leg.
Swelling in the leg.
Trouble urinating.
Coughing.
Feeling tired.
For cervical cancer, follow-upwardly tests are usually done every three to iv months for the first 2 years, followed by check-ups every 6 months. The check-up includes a current wellness history and exam of the body to bank check for signs and symptoms of recurrent cervical cancer and for late effects of handling.
Handling Options by Stage
For information nearly the treatments listed below, see the Treatment Selection Overview section.
Carcinoma in Situ
Handling of carcinoma in situ may include the following:
Conization, such every bit cold-knife conization, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation surgery.
Hysterectomy for women who cannot or no longer want to have children. This is done just if the tumor cannot be completely removed by conization.
Internal radiations therapy for women who cannot have surgery.
Phase IA Cervical Cancer
Stage IA cervical cancer is separated into stage IA1 and IA2.
Treatment for stage IA1 may include the following:
Handling for stage IA2 may include the following:
Use our clinical trial search to notice NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the blazon of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being washed. Full general information about clinical trials is also available.
Stages IB and IIA Cervical Cancer
Treatment of stage IB and stage IIA cervical cancer may include the following:
Radiation therapy with chemotherapy given at the same fourth dimension.
Radical hysterectomy and removal of pelvic lymph nodes with or without radiation therapy to the pelvis, plus chemotherapy.
Radical trachelectomy.
Chemotherapy followed by surgery.
Radiation therapy alone.
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the blazon of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are existence done. Full general information about clinical trials is likewise available.
Stages IIB, III, and IVA Cervical Cancer
Handling of stage IIB, stage Iii, and stage IVA cervical cancer may include the following:
Radiation therapy with chemotherapy given at the same time.
Surgery to remove pelvic lymph nodes followed by radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy.
Internal radiation therapy.
A clinical trial of chemotherapy to compress the tumor followed by surgery.
A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy given at the same time, followed by chemotherapy.
Use our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is as well available.
Stage IVB Cervical Cancer
Treatment of stage IVB cervical cancer may include the post-obit:
Radiation therapy as palliative therapy to salve symptoms caused by the cancer and improve quality of life.
Chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
Chemotherapy equally palliative therapy to salvage symptoms caused by the cancer and better quality of life.
Clinical trials of new anticancer drugs or drug combinations.
Utilise our clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are accepting patients. You tin can search for trials based on the type of cancer, the age of the patient, and where the trials are being done. General information about clinical trials is also bachelor.
Treatment Options for Recurrent Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy
General Information Virtually Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy
Treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy depends on the stage of the cancer and how long the patient has been meaning. A biopsy and imaging tests may exist done to decide the stage of the disease. To avoid exposing the fetus to radiation, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is used.
Treatment Options for Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy
For information about the treatments listed beneath, encounter the Treatment Option Overview department.
Carcinoma in Situ During Pregnancy
Usually, no treatment is needed for carcinoma in situ during pregnancy. A colposcopy may be done to check for invasive cancer.
Stage I Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy
Pregnant women with slow-growing stage I cervical cancer may exist able to filibuster treatment until the second trimester of pregnancy or afterward delivery.
Pregnant women with fast-growing stage I cervical cancer may demand immediate treatment. Treatment may include:
Women should be tested to notice out if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. If cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, immediate treatment may be needed.
Stage Ii, Three, and IV Cervical Cancer During Pregnancy
Treatment for stage II, stage Iii, and stage IV cervical cancer during pregnancy may include the following:
Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Surgery or radiation therapy may be washed after delivery.
Radiation therapy plus chemotherapy. Talk with your doctor well-nigh the effects of radiation on the fetus. It may be necessary to stop the pregnancy before handling begins.
To Learn More About Cervical Cancer
For more information from the National Cancer Institute about cervical cancer, see the following:
For full general cancer information and other resources from the National Cancer Institute, see the following:
About This PDQ Summary
Almost PDQ
Physician Information Query (PDQ) is the National Cancer Constitute's (NCI's) comprehensive cancer information database. The PDQ database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. Most summaries come in two versions. The health professional versions take detailed data written in technical language. The patient versions are written in easy-to-understand, nontechnical language. Both versions have cancer information that is accurate and upward to appointment and most versions are too available in Spanish.
PDQ is a service of the NCI. The NCI is office of the National Institutes of Wellness (NIH). NIH is the federal government's centre of biomedical research. The PDQ summaries are based on an contained review of the medical literature. They are not policy statements of the NCI or the NIH.
Purpose of This Summary
This PDQ cancer information summary has electric current information about the handling of cervical cancer. Information technology is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. Information technology does non give formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions about wellness intendance.
Reviewers and Updates
Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer data summaries and continue them up to date. These Boards are fabricated up of experts in cancer treatment and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The engagement on each summary ("Updated") is the engagement of the well-nigh recent change.
The data in this patient summary was taken from the wellness professional person version, which is reviewed regularly and updated as needed, by the PDQ Developed Treatment Editorial Lath.
Clinical Trial Information
A clinical trial is a study to respond a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than some other. Trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to aid cancer patients. During handling clinical trials, information is nerveless about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new handling may become "standard." Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
Clinical trials can be found online at NCI'south website. For more than information, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI's contact heart, at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237).
Permission to Use This Summary
PDQ is a registered trademark. The content of PDQ documents tin can be used freely as text. It cannot exist identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless the whole summary is shown and it is updated regularly. However, a user would be allowed to write a judgement such as "NCI'southward PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks in the following fashion: [include excerpt from the summary]."
The best style to cite this PDQ summary is:
PDQ® Developed Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Cervical Cancer Handling. Bethesda, Md: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/patient/cervical-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389422]
Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(due south), artist, and/or publisher for employ in the PDQ summaries only. If yous want to utilise an image from a PDQ summary and you lot are non using the whole summary, you must get permission from the owner. It cannot exist given by the National Cancer Establish. Information about using the images in this summary, along with many other images related to cancer can exist found in Visuals Online. Visuals Online is a collection of more than 3,000 scientific images.
Disclaimer
The information in these summaries should non be used to make decisions nigh insurance reimbursement. More than information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page.
Contact U.s.a.
More information about contacting us or receiving aid with the Cancer.gov website can exist institute on our Contact Us for Help folio. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's Email United states of america.
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